# Pcsstudies

> A family of learning


## Posts

- [Oceanic Currents in Different Oceans](https://pcsstudies.com/oceanic-currents-in-different-oceans/): Oceanic Currents in Different Oceans Here’s an overview of the major oceanic currents in different oceans: Atlantic Ocean Currents The Atlantic Ocean has several important currents, most of which are part of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) system. Gulf Stream: One of the most well-known currents, the Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico, up the eastern coast of the United States, and then crosses the Atlantic towards Europe. It moderates the climate of Western Europe, keeping it much warmer than other regions at similar latitudes. North Atlantic Drift: This is an […]
- [Human Respiratory System](https://pcsstudies.com/human-respiratory-system/): Human Respiratory System The human respiratory system is a highly specialized and intricate network of organs and structures that ensures the body gets the oxygen it needs and expels carbon dioxide, which is a byproduct of metabolism. Let’s dive into each part of the respiratory system in more detail. 2. Nasal Cavity and Nose The nose is the primary entry point for air into the respiratory system, but the nasal cavity (internal passage) plays several critical roles: Air Filtration: Tiny hairs called cilia and the sticky mucous membrane in the nose trap particles such as dust, pollen, and bacteria, preventing […]
- [Types of Oceanic Currents](https://pcsstudies.com/types-of-oceanic-currents/): Types of Oceanic Currents Oceanic currents are classified based on their location, driving forces, and the depth at which they occur. Here’s a breakdown of the main types of oceanic currents: 1. Surface Currents (Wind-Driven Currents) These currents occur in the upper 400 meters of the ocean and are mainly driven by wind. They play a significant role in distributing heat across the globe. Cause: Wind patterns (trade winds, westerlies, polar easterlies) create friction with the surface of the ocean, causing water to move. Direction: The Coriolis effect causes surface currents to move in a circular pattern, creating large gyres […]
- [Oceanic Currents](https://pcsstudies.com/oceanic-currents/): oceanic currents Oceanic currents are large-scale movements of seawater that circulate throughout the world’s oceans. These currents play a crucial role in regulating climate, distributing heat, and supporting marine ecosystems. There are two main types of ocean currents: Surface Currents: Driven by wind: These currents are primarily caused by the friction between the ocean’s surface and winds, such as the trade winds or westerlies. Influence on weather: Surface currents move warm water from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles toward the equator, which helps moderate global climate. Examples of these oceanic currents: The Gulf Stream […]
- [Taxonomy](https://pcsstudies.com/taxonomy/): Taxonomy In biology, taxonomy refers to the scientific study of naming, defining, and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. It is the process of classification based on the external features as well as internal structures, development process, and ecological information of organisms, etc. Classical Taxonomy The concept of classical or old taxonomy has existed since the time of Aristotle and Theophrastus and continued up to Linnaeus. According to classical taxonomy: Species is the basic unit of taxonomy, that can be described on the basis of one or few preserved specimens. Species are fixed and do […]
- [Human Digestive System](https://pcsstudies.com/human-digestive-system/): Human Digestive System The human body is equipped with a complex digestive system designed to process food efficiently and extract essential nutrients necessary for health. This system comprises the alimentary canal and associated digestive glands, working in harmony to break down food and absorb nutrients. Structure and Function of the Digestive System The digestive process begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically broken down by chewing and chemically by enzymes in saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus into the stomach, where gastric juices further digest it. In the small intestine, the majority of digestion and nutrient absorption […]
- [Chandrayaan 3](https://pcsstudies.com/chandrayaan-3/): Chandrayaan 3 Chandrayaan 3 is an ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) mission with the primary objective of putting a lander and rover in the highlands near the south pole of the Moon on 23 August 2023 and demonstrating end-to-end landing and roving capabilities. Chandrayaan 3 mission is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. Now India has become the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole, and the fourth country to soft land on the Moon. Facts in Brief Launch Date: Chandrayaan 3 was […]
- [CCPI 2023 (Climate Change Performance Index)](https://pcsstudies.com/ccpi-2023-climate-change-performance-index/): CCPI 2023 CCPI 2023: The Climate Change Performance Index was released on November 14th, 2022. The index was published by: Germanwatch, CAN International, and the NewClimate Institute based in Germany. The rank of India in CCPI 2023: India secured 8th position in CCPI 2023, it jumps 2 spots higher. India was in 10th position in CCPI 2022. A top performer in CCPI: Denmark (4th) is again the top-ranked country. About CCPI The index published annually since 2005. It is an instrument to enable transparency in national and international climate politics. The CCPI tracks countries’ efforts to combat climate change. The […]
- [Suez Canal](https://pcsstudies.com/suez-canal/): Suez Canal The Suez Canal is one of the most important waterways. It is located at the crossroads of Asia, Europe, and Africa. The Canal is owned and operated by Egypt and the main part of that country is separated by it on the west bank from the Sinai Peninsula on the east bank. Suez Canal opened in 1869, the Sea level artificial waterway crosses the narrow Isthumus of Suez, joining Africa, and Asia. It is connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the isthmus of Suez. The original canal featured a single-lane waterway with a passing location […]
- [Indian Councils Act of 1909](https://pcsstudies.com/indian-councils-act-of-1909/): Indian Councils Act of 1909
- [Transport in Plants](https://pcsstudies.com/transport-in-plants/): Transport in Plants Plants perform the process of transportation in different ways in both short distance as well as long distances. The long-distance transport occurs mainly through vascular tissues (i.e., xylem, and phloem) and the process is called translocation. Over small distances, materials move through diffusion, cytoplasmic streaming, and active transport. Absorption of water in plants: The water is absorbed through roots and transported to the tip of the growing stem. The process involves diffusion, osmosis, and water potential gradient. diffusion Means of Transport in Plants There are three important means of Transport in Plants: Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport […]
- [World Press Freedom Index 2023](https://pcsstudies.com/world-press-freedom-index-2023/): World Press Freedom Index 2023 Published by: Reporter Without Borders (RSF) – A non-profit organization (NGO) based in Paris. RSF has a consultative status of the United Nations (UN) and UNESCO The Council of Europe and the Organization Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)  OIF is an organization of 54 French-speaking countries. Published on : 03rd – MAY- 2023 Rank of India: In the World Press Freedom Index 2023, INDIA ranked 161 among 180 countries this year. It has received point 36. 62 About WPFI: World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) is an annual compiled ranking of press freedom in countries. It is […]
- [International Organizations](https://pcsstudies.com/international-organizations/): International Organizations Introduction: International organizations are also known as intergovernmental organizations. An international organization is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern the behavior of states and other actors in the International system. The list of important  International Organizations: Organizations Established Headquarters President/General Secretary Members International Labour Organization (ILO) 1919 Geneva Gilbert Houngbo – 11th  director general of ILO. (assumed office – 1 Oct. 2022) 187 (Tonga-187th member) Interpol 1923 Lyons (France) Nasser Al-Raisi (Chaiman) 194 (Kiribati-194th member) Commonwealth 1931 London (UK) Patricia Scotland 54 (Maldives – 54th country) United Nations 1945 New York (US) Antonio Guterres […]
- [States and Capitals in India](https://pcsstudies.com/states-and-capitals-in-india/): States and Capitals in India India, a union of states, is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government. There are 28 states and 8 Union territories in the country. The table contains the States and Capitals In India and related important facts: State Capital Date of establishment Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh is Popularly known as the ‘Land of the Dawn-lit-Mountains’. Arunachal Pradesh is located between 26.28° N and 29.30° N and 91.20° E and 97.30° E longitude. The state has an area of 83,743 km2. Largest of seven sister states of North East India by area. […]
- [Cloud Seeding](https://pcsstudies.com/cloud-seeding/): Cloud Seeding Vincent Schaefer an American chemist and meteorologist discovered the principle of cloud seeding in 1946. It is a type of weather modification technique that improves the ability of clouds to produce rain or snow by introducing tiny ice nuclei into certain types of subfreezing clouds. These nuclei provide a base for snowflakes to form. The newly formed snowflakes quickly grow and fall from the clouds back to the surface of the earth, increasing snowpack and streamflow. In cloud seeding, the spreading of either dry ice or silver iodide aerosols by planes in the upper part of clouds stimulates […]
- [Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate:](https://pcsstudies.com/koeppenss-scheme-of-classification-of-climate/): Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate
- [The Origin and Evolution of Earth](https://pcsstudies.com/the-origin-and-evolution-of-earth/): The Origin and Evolution of Earth
- [World Happiness Report 2023](https://pcsstudies.com/world-happiness-report-2023/): World Happiness Report 2023 The World Happiness Report is released annually around March 20th as part of the International Day of Happiness celebration. Top Ranked Country: The European Nation Finland is the world’s happiest country for the sixth year in a row, according to World Happiness Report ranking based largely on the life evaluations from the Gallup World Poll. Position of India: In the World Happiness Report 2023 the position of India has improved from 136th to 126th rank. The list rank holder: Afghanistan is listed on the bottom with a rank holding 137, and the second last Lebanon is […]
- [Carbon Sink](https://pcsstudies.com/carbon-sink/): Carbon Sink
- [World Wildlife Day](https://pcsstudies.com/world-wildlife-day/): World Wildlife Day World Wildlife Day is celebrated on 3rd March. It is a United Nations international day to celebrate all the world’s wild animals and plants and the contributions that they make to our lives and the health of the planet. The theme of World Wildlife Day 2023 The theme of World Wildlife Day for the year 2023 is “Partnerships for Wildlife Conservation…” World Wildlife Day is also a celebration of CITES as it turns 50. So March 2023 is a very special date as it is also marking the 50th anniversary of CITES. In recognition of the work […]
- [Solar Radiation, Heat Balance, and Temperature](https://pcsstudies.com/solar-radiation-heat-balance-and-temperature/): Solar Radiation, Heat Balance, and Temperature Solar Radiation Our earth receives almost all its energy from the sun in short wavelengths that are radiated back to space by the earth. As a result, the earth neither warms up nor does it get cooled over a period of time. The amount of heat received by different parts of the earth is not equal, so there are pressure differences in the atmosphere, which leads to the transfer of heat from one region to another by the wind. As the Earth is a geoid that resembles a sphere, the sun’s rays fall obliquely at […]
- [The Age of Satavahanas](https://pcsstudies.com/the-age-of-satavahanas/): The Age of Satavahanas The Age of Satavahanas: According to most modern scholars the age of the Satavahana began in the late second century BCE and lasted until the early third century CE. In the Deccan and in central India, the Satavahanas succeeded the Mauryas although after a gap of 100 years. They were considered to be identical to the Andhras who were mentioned in Puranas, however, the name Andhra does not occur in Satavahana inscriptions. Founder of the Kingdom: The founder of the Satvahana dynasty was Simuka, who was succeeded by Krishna. Sources of history of the Age of […]
- [Post-Mauryan India and Central Asian Contacts](https://pcsstudies.com/post-mauryan-india-and-central-asian-contacts/): Post-Mauryan India and Central Asian Contacts Post-Mauryan India – time period (200 B.C. to 300 AD) The successors of Asoka were not able to keep the vast Empire intact, after the death of Asoka. The provinces started declaring themselves independent. Kalinga declared itself independent, and further Satavahanas established their independent rule in the south. The foreign invasion also affected the territory of north India. As a result of these conflicts, the Mauryan rule was confined to the Gangetic valley and it was soon replaced by the Sunga dynasty. Sunga Dynasty: (185 BCE-75 BCE) Pushyamitra Sunga was the founder of the […]
- [The Mauryan Empire](https://pcsstudies.com/the-mauryan-empire/): The Mauryan Empire With the foundation of the Mauryan Empire, political unity was achieved in India for the first time. Due to the accuracy of chronology and sources, the history writing of this era also becomes clear. The Mauryan dynasty was founded by Chandragupta Maurya who took advantage of the Nandas in the last days of their rule. He overthrew the Nandas with the help of Kautilya and established the rule of the Maurya dynasty. Sources of the Mauryan Empire Literary Sources: Kautilya’s Arthasatra: Kautilya has written the book Arthasatra in language Sanskrit, a contemporary of Chandragupta Maurya. Kautilya was […]
- [Persian and Greek Invasions in India](https://pcsstudies.com/persian-and-greek-invasions-in-india/): Persian and Greek Invasions in India
- [Sarkaria Commission](https://pcsstudies.com/sarkaria-commission/): Sarkaria Commission: Background, Recommendations, Significances Various committees and commissions are important for the UPSC IAS exam, which includes pre-independence commissions like the Hunter Commission, Simon Commission, and others. Turning back to the topic, post-independence commissions hold an important part in the development of our country and therefore are an important part of the UPSC Syllabus for Indian polity and governance. One of the most important post-independence commissions is the Sarkaria Commission, which has given important recommendations for center-state relations. On that note, let’s learn all about the Sarkaria Commission and its recommendations for the UPSC exam. Sarkaria Commission – Background […]
- [The Rise of the Magadhan Empire](https://pcsstudies.com/the-rise-of-the-magadhan-empire/): The Rise of the Magadhan Empire Among all the kingdoms of North India, Magadha emerged powerful and prosperous. In the aspects of political activity in north India, it became the nerve center. The political history of India from the sixth century B.C onwards is the history of the struggle between the states Magadha, Koshala, Vatsa, and Avanti for supremacy, and ultimately the kingdom of Magadha emerged to be the most powerful and succeeded in founding an empire. During the reign of Bimbisara and Ajatasatru, the prosperity of Magadha reached its zenith. Magadha came into prominence under the leadership of Bimbisara, […]
- [Sixteen Mahajanapadas](https://pcsstudies.com/sixteen-mahajanapadas/): Sixteen Mahajanapadas Mahajanapadas: They were sixteen strong kingdoms that existed in ancient Indian history from the sixth century BCE onwards. At the age of the Buddha, sixteen large states called Mahajanapadas existed. The Jain texts also contain references to the existence of sixteen Mahajanapadas. The Mahajanapadas were mostly situated north of the Vindhayas and extended from the northwest frontier to Bihar. Sixteen Mahajanpadas according to Anguttara Nikaya: According to Anguttara Nikaya, the sixteen Mahajanapadas were: Anga, Magadha, Kasi, Kosala, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Asmaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja Mahajanapadas and Janapadas on map: In the course […]
- [Globalization: Factors and salient features](https://pcsstudies.com/globalization-factors-and-salient-features/): Globalization: Factors and salient features What is globalization? Globalization can be defined as the integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multination corporations (MNCs). MNCs are playing a major role in the process of Globalization. So we can say, globalization is a process through which a society opens up to outside influence whether it is production, trade, politics, culture, fashion, etiquette, literature, fine arts, dance forms, or music. In simple words, ‘globalization is the increasing level of interconnection among people and places throughout the world. Economic globalization is the most important form of globalization. Economic globalization involves […]
- [NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India)](https://pcsstudies.com/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india/): NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) The Government abolished Planning Commission and replaced it with a new body “NITI Aayog” It was established on 1 January 2015 by NDA Government. The NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) is a ‘Public Policy Think Tank’ of the Indian Government that emphasizes a ‘bottom-up approach to economic policies, which functions as a catalyst for developmental process-nurturing an overall enabling environment, through a holistic approach, with the vision of Cooperative Federalism, good governance, and plugging the gap and bringing together the ministers at the Center and State in joint pursuit of developmental […]
- [Planning Commission of India](https://pcsstudies.com/planning-commission-of-india/): Planning Commission of India (For UPSC exams) The Planning Commission was established in March 1950 by the Government of India by a Cabinet resolution, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. It was set up for the plan formation, resource aspects, implementation, and review on a technical basis. Facts to Know Our Planning Commission Important facts about the Commission are given below: The Planning Commission was an extra-constitutional i.e. non-constitutional and non-statutory body. It was an advisory body to the government of India for economic development. Planning Commission was a “think tank” on economic development and its ex-officio chairman […]
- [National Income](https://pcsstudies.com/national-income/): National Income National income is the process of counting the value of flow between sectors and then summing them to find the total value of economic activity in an economy. Income as an indicator of progress was tried by many before the idea of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the most commonly used measure of economic activity, and its idea was put forward by the US economist Simon Kuznets in 1934. The method tries to calculate National Income The method tries to calculate a country’s income at domestic and National levels, in gross forms consist four concepts: GDP […]
- [Santiago Consensus](https://pcsstudies.com/santiago-consensus/): Santiago Consensus Santiago Consensus is also an alternative to Washington Consensus. The term Santiago Consensus was given by then World Bank Group President D. Wolfensohn in Santiago for the developing countries. The main view of Santiago Consensus: The main idea of the Santiago model is “inclusion” which should be both economic as well as social. Though it is a socio-economic development model and it is bound to have its local characteristics. This way, it looks similar to the Beijing Consensus which also includes social overtones. In addition to financial resources, the world bank proposed to harness the incredible power of […]
- [Beijing Consensus](https://pcsstudies.com/beijing-consensus/): Beijing Consensus The term “Beijing Consensus” was coined by Joshua Cooper Ramo in 2004, also known as the Chinese model of economic development. This refers to the policies which were followed by Deng Xiaoping after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. It was to frame China’s economic development model as an alternative for developing countries to the Washington Consensus of market-friendly policies promoted by the IMF, World Bank, and the US. Treasury.  It was seen as an anti-Washington Consensus view for developing countries. The pillars of the Beijing Consensus Over time experts interpreted this model in different ways rather […]
- [Washington Consensus](https://pcsstudies.com/washington-consensus/): Washington Consensus The term Washington Consensus was first used by English economist John Williamson in 1989. Washington Consensus is a set of free-market economic reform policies suggested by the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the US Department of the treasury. As all the institutions were based in Washington so the policy prescription was called Washington Consensus by John Williamson. It was for the developing countries faced with the economic crisis. The Washington Consensus recommended structural reforms, in the free market promoting policies in such areas as macroeconomic stabilization, economic opening with respect to both trade and investment, and the […]
- [Economics: Economic Systems and Sectors in Economy](https://pcsstudies.com/economics-economic-systems-and-sectors-in-economy/): Economics: A Brief Introduction of Economic Systems and Sectors in Economy Adam Smith is known as the father of Economics. Definition of economics: The term economics comes from the Greek term ‘Oikonomia’ which is composed of Oikos (house) and nomos (custom or law) meaning the rules of the household. Economics studies the ‘economic activities’ of human beings. Economics is a social science that studies economic activities to gain an understanding of the processes that govern the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in an economy. However, it has not been as easy to define economics as it has […]
- [Agricultural systems in the world: A brief introduction](https://pcsstudies.com/agricultural-systems-in-the-world-a-brief-introduction/): Agricultural systems in the world: A brief introduction of agricultural systems definition of Agriculture: Farming or agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. It played a very important role in the development of human civilization. The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering. A brief of the main agricultural systems in the world: There are various agricultural systems in the world, practiced under multiple combinations of physical and socioeconomic conditions. On the basis of methods of farming, various types of crops are grown and livestock […]
- [Nobel Prize 2022; the list of Nobel laureates](https://pcsstudies.com/nobel-prize-2022-the-list-of-nobel-laureates/): Nobel Prize 2022 The Nobel Prize and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 615 times to 989 people and organizations, between 1901 and 2022. As some received the Nobel prize more than once, this makes a total of 954 individuals and 27 organizations. The First Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901, and they have been awarded annually since then. The Nobel Prizes have not been awarded during world war I (1914-1918) and II (1938-1945). The Nobel Prizes were designated in the will of Alfred Nobel and are in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or […]
- [Human geography: Nature and scope](https://pcsstudies.com/human-geography-nature-and-scope/): Human geography: Nature and scope Human geography deals with the relationship between the physical/natural and the human worlds, the spatial distribution of human phenomena and how they come about, and the social and economic differences between different parts of the world. What is spatial distribution? Spatial distribution in statistics is the arrangement of the phenomenon across the Earth’s surface and the graphical display of such an arrangement is an important tool in geographical and environmental statistics. Definitions of Human geography: Human geography is the synthetic study of the relationship between human societies and the earth’s surface – Ratzel In the […]
- [Human Development Index (HDI) 2021-22](https://pcsstudies.com/human-development-index-hdi-2021-22/): Human Development Index (HDI) 2021-22 Human Development Index (HDI) 2021-22 Release date: 8 September 2022 Released by the Human Development Report Office (HDRO)of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Switzerland ranked first in HDI 2021 with an HDI value of 0.962 India ranked 132 in HDI with a value of 0.633 among 191 countries South Sudan is in the last 191st position with an HDI score of 0.385. About: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) introduced the HDI in its first Human Development Report (HDR) prepared under the stewardship of Mahbub-ul-Haq in 1990. Human development reports (HDRs) have been released […]
- [PM SHRI Schools](https://pcsstudies.com/pm-shri-schools/): PM SHRI Schools (Prime Minister Schools for Rising India) Release date of PM SHRI scheme: On the occasion of Teachers’ Day Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi announced PM SHRI Schools. Teachers’ Day is celebrated in India on the 5th of September every year. Introduction and Aim of PM SHRI: PM SHRI (Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India) is a centrally sponsored scheme that aims to transform 14,500 government schools across the country into a showcase of the new National Education Policy (NEP). PM SHRI will provide high-quality education in an equitable, inclusive, and joyful school environment that takes care of […]
- [Important National and International Days](https://pcsstudies.com/important-national-and-international-days/): Important National and International Days Date Event/Day January 4th January International World Braille Day 6th January World Day – War Orphans 9th January Pravasi Bhartiya Diwas 10th January World Hindi Day 11th January National Human Trafficking Awareness Day 12th January National Youth Day (India) 15th January Army Day (India) 16th January National Start-up Day 17th January World Religion Day 23rd January Parakram Diwas (Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti) 24th January National Girl Child Day (India) 25th January Tourism Day National Voters Day 26th January Republic Day (India) 27th January International Holocaust Remembrance Day 30th January Martyr’s Day World Neglected Tropical […]
- [Continent Africa](https://pcsstudies.com/continent-africa/): Continent Africa Continent Africa is the second largest continent in terms of area after Asia. It covers an area of 30,065,000 sq. km. It is also the second most populous continent after Asia. It covers 6% of Earth’s total area and 20% of its land area. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez, and the Red Sea to the Northeast. The Indian Ocean to the Southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Africa. Africa is separated from Asia by the Suez Canal, the Gulf of Suez, and the Red Sea. […]
- [Buddhism: Teaching, Spread, and Causes for Decline](https://pcsstudies.com/buddhism-teaching-spread-and-causes-for-decline/): Buddhism: Teaching, Spread, Causes for Decline and contribution to Indian Culture Causes of origin of Buddhism: The complex rituals and sacrifices during the later Vedic period were not acceptable to common people. Expansive Sacrificial ceremonies. The confusion of people about the ‘superstitious beliefs and mantras’. The highly philosophical nature of the teaching of Upanishads which were not easily understood by all. Complex languages of these religious teaching. The teaching language of Buddha was simple and easily understood by people. Other regions also played a significant role in the growth of Buddhism- The rigid caste system created tension in the society, […]
- [Jainism: Origin, Doctrines, Spread, and Causes of Decline](https://pcsstudies.com/jainism-origin-doctrines-spread-and-causes-of-decline/): Jainism: Origin, Doctrines, Spread, and Causes of Decline Cause of origin: The primary cause of the origin of the religion was the religious unrest in India in the 6th Century B.C. In society, many complex rituals and sacrifices were advocated during the Later Vedic period which was not acceptable to the common people. The sacrificial ceremonies were too expansive, and the superstitious beliefs and mantras confused people. These are not easily understood by all people. The Brahmans stated themselves as upper Varna with the highest status in society and demanded several privileges, including those of receiving gifts and exemption from […]
- [Ten New RAMSAR Sites of India](https://pcsstudies.com/ten-new-ramsar-sites-of-india/): Ten New RAMSAR Sites of India India added 10 more wetlands designated as Ramsar sites. These sites include six sites in Tamil Nadu, one each in Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha. As there were 54 Ramsar sites earlier in India, by adding these sites, the total number of Ramsar sites in India increased to 64 covering an area of 12,50,361 ha in the country. Designation of these sites would help in the conservation and management of the wetlands and wise use of their resources. Insights of Indian Ramsar sites connection: India is one of the contracting parties to the […]
- [The Vedic Culture: 1500-600 B.C.](https://pcsstudies.com/the-vedic-culture-1500-600-b-c/): The Vedic Culture: 1500-600 B.C. Main contents in the post: The advent of the Aryans The original home of Aryans The Vedic literature and their importance The Rig Vedic age and its culture Tribal conflict Political organization Social life Economic Condition Religion The Later Vedic age and its culture Phases of Vedic culture: The period of 1500 to 600 B.C can be divided as: Early Vedic Period or Rig Vedic Period (1500 B.C – 1000 B.C) Later Vedic Period (1000 B.C – 600 B.C) The advent of the Aryans After the decline of the city of Harappan culture by 1500 […]
- [Identity of Aryan Culture](https://pcsstudies.com/identity-of-aryan-culture/): Identity of Aryan Culture The post, Identity of Aryan culture is important for various purposes of study, for UPSC IAS, PCS, UPPSC, BPSC, and other History graduation exams. The texts consist of traits of Aryan: The principal (identity of Aryan cultural) traits of Aryan culture are set out by Vedic, Iranian, and Greek literary texts and cognate terms found in the proto-Indo-European languages. The texts helped in reconstructing the material and other aspects of Aryans Culture comprising the Rig Veda, the Zend-Avesta, and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. The time of Rig Veda is roughly assigned to 1500 BC, although the […]
- [The Harappan Culture](https://pcsstudies.com/the-harappan-culture/): The Harappan Culture: the Bronze Age civilization in Indus Valley The Harappan civilization arose in the Northwestern part of the Indian Subcontinent. This civilization was discovered first in 1921 at the Harappa situated in the province of west Punjab in Pakistan. The name Harappan civilization was given to this culture due to its first excavation site Harappa. This civilization was an Urban civilization. Geographical area/Area Covered in Harappan Culture The Harappan Culture covered the parts of Punjab, Haryana, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the fringes of Western Uttar Pradesh. This civilization was extended from Jammu in the North, to the […]
- [Five New Ramsar Sites in India](https://pcsstudies.com/five-new-ramsar-sites-in-india/): Five New Ramsar Sites in India India has designated five new Ramsar wetlands for International importance. Now including these five sites, the total number of Ramsar Wetland Sites in India is increased from 49 to 54. Out of these 5 Ramsar Sites, three wetlands are in Tamil Nadu, one in Mizoram, and the other in Madhya Pradesh. Name of the five new Ramsar Sites are: Karaikal Bird Sanctuary: Tamil Nadu This bird sanctuary is situated in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu. More than a hundred species of bird resided here. Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest: Tamil Nadu It is a […]
- [Draupadi Murmu: The 15th President of India](https://pcsstudies.com/draupadi-murmu-the-15th-president-of-india/): Draupadi Murmu: The 15th President of India In June 2022, the BJP nominated her as the Presidential Candidate, and she was elected President in July 2022. The oath of Draupadi Murmu, for President, was on 25 July 2022. Draupadi Murmu-Early Life: Draupadi Murmu was born on 20 June 1958. Her Childhood Santhali name was ‘Puti’ which was changed to Draupadi by her school teacher. Some important facts related to Draupadi Murmu are: The name of the village Draupadi Murmu belongs to Uparbeda village of Mayurbhanj district in Odisha. She belongs to the Santhali family {scheduled tribe (ST)}. Parents- Biranchi Narayan […]
- [PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan](https://pcsstudies.com/pm-gati-shakti-national-master-plan/): PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (PMGS-NMP) Launched by: Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi Launch date: 13th October 2021 About PMGS-NMP: Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi launched the PM Gati Shakti – National Master Plan (PMGS-NMP) on 13th October 2021 for providing Multi-Modal Connectivity infrastructure to various economic zones Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) accorded approval for the implementation of PM Gatishaakti National Mater plan on 21st October 2021. PM Gati Shakti is a digital platform to bring 16 Ministries including Railways and Roadways together for integrated planning and coordinated implementation of infrastructure connectivity projects. The Multi-Modal Connectivity will […]
- [Global Gender Gap Index 2022](https://pcsstudies.com/global-gender-gap-index-2022/): Global Gender Gap (GGG) Index 2022 Global Gender Gap (GGG) Index: released on 13 July 2022 The index released by: World Economic Forum This year, the report covers 146 countries, including for the first time Comoros. Iceland is on top rank with a score 0.908 The rank of India: 135 out of 146 countries. In 2021 the rank of India was 140 out of 156 Countries. Afghanistan on 146th (last) rank with a minimum score 0.435; (43.5%) About: The GGG index was first introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006 to benchmark progress toward gender parity and compare countries’ […]
- [World Drug Report 2022](https://pcsstudies.com/world-drug-report-2022/): World Drug Report 2022 Released on: 27 June 2022 Released by: UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) The World Drug report 2022 was released on the occasion of International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, 26 June 2022. International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking or World Drug Day: It is marked on 26 June every year to strengthen action and cooperation in achieving a world free of drug abuse. The theme of World Drug Day: ‘Addressing drug challenges in health and humanitarian crises UNODC (UN Office on Drugs and Crime): Every year UNODC issues the World […]
- [Agnipath Scheme For Recruitment of Youth in the Armed Forces](https://pcsstudies.com/agnipath-scheme-for-recruitment-of-youth-in-the-armed-forces/): Agnipath Scheme For Recruitment of Youth  (Agniveers) in the Armed Forces The Union Cabinet approved the scheme on 14 June 2022 for Indian youth to serve in the Armed Forces. The Agnipath allows patriotic and motivated youth to serve in Armed Forces for a period of four years. The Scheme is designed to enable a youthful profile of the Armed Forces. Around 45,000 to 50,000 soldiers will be recruited annually under the Agnipath scheme, out of which only 25% will be allowed to continue for another 15 years under permanent commission. Agniveers: The youth selected under the Agneepath Scheme will […]
- [Atal Pension Yojana (APY)](https://pcsstudies.com/atal-pension-yojana-apy/): Atal Pension Yojana (APY) Introduction: The Scheme Atal Pension Yojana (APY) was launched on 9th May 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Atal Pension Yojana is the guaranteed pension scheme of the government of India administered by PFRDA (Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority). Contents in the Article: Introduction of APY Objectives of the Scheme Significances od APY Funding of APY (Aal Pension Yojana) A video from the Government site This Article is very important in itself as it is a Central Government Scheme. It is also very important for various exams like UPSC, PSC, UPPSC, BPSC, and others. Objectives […]
- [One Rank One Pension (OROP)](https://pcsstudies.com/one-rank-one-pension-orop/): One Rank One Pension (OROP) The implementation of ONORP was demanded by Ex-Servicemen for more than 40 years, but it was finalized in 2015. The Government accepted the ‘One Rank One Pension’ through its mention in the President’s address to both Houses of Parliament on 9 June 2014. The historical decision to implement OROP was taken on 7th November 2015, with benefits effective from 1st July 2014. Before the implementation of OROP, ex-servicemen were getting their pension as per the Pay Commission’s recommendation of the time when they had retired. Insights of OROP: Koshiyari Committee: The Koshiyari Committee was headed […]
- [One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC)](https://pcsstudies.com/one-nation-one-ration-card-onorc/): One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) Introduction: The One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) has been launched under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013. ONORC is also a part of the PM-SVANIDHI program of MoHUA. It is one of its kind of Citizen centric initiatives in the country, ONORC was sanctioned in 2018-19. The implementation of ONORC was initiated in August 2019. The ONORC scheme is aimed at enabling migrant workers and their family members to buy subsidized rations from any fair price shop anywhere in the country under NFSA 2013 through an existing Ration card, with Aadhar or […]
- [Modern Historians of Ancient India](https://pcsstudies.com/modern-historians-of-ancient-india/): Modern Historians of Ancient India In India, research related to ancient history started around the 2nd half of the 18th century when the colonial administration was set up by the Britishers. Here we discuss different views and contributions of Modern Historians of Ancient India. Colonialist view and contribution: Modern research in the history of ancient India started in the 2nd half of the 18th century because of the need for the colonial admiration set up by the British. Bengal and Bihar came under the rule of the East India Company in 1765. The Company rule found it difficult to administer […]
- [Dentition in Mammals - Types of teeth and dental formula](https://pcsstudies.com/dentition-in-mammals-types-of-teeth-and-dental-formula/): Dentition in Mammals Dentition means the arrangement of teeth in the upper and lower jaws on the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary bones. Development of tooth: Teeth develop over the jaw bone where certain Malpighian cells start actively multiplying forming a mass of cells called dental lamina or enamel organ. A dental papilla made of a group of dermal cells appears below the dental lamina which supplies nourishment. Epidermal cells of the dental lamina that cover the growing dentine are called ameloblast cells. The tooth gradually grows outwards and eventually gets exposed by penetrating the skin covering the jaw bone. Structure […]
- [Migration in Birds: Adaptations, Reasons, and Types of Migration](https://pcsstudies.com/migration-in-birds-adaptation-reason-and-types-of-migration/): Migration in Birds Migration in birds is a phenomenon in which birds travel from one place to another in search of favorable conditions and more resources for their survival. The migration also involves the journey to return to the original place. The migration in birds takes place during seasonal change or movement between breeding or non-breeding location. The birds cover long distances in order to reach their destination during the migration journey, it is a difficult process, as they need more food, high energy, water, etc. to fly for a long time. Some migration journey becomes successful but some birds […]
- [Flight or Aerial Adaptation in Birds](https://pcsstudies.com/flight-or-aerial-adaptation-in-birds/): Flight or Aerial Adaptation in Birds The birds have a unique ability to fly and for this, there are various adaptations are acquired. In birds, the most obvious adaptation to flight is the wing, but the flight is so energy-demanding, that’s why birds have evolved many other adaptations to improve the efficiency of their flight. Types of flight adaptation in birds There are two main types of flight or aerial adaptation in birds: Morphological adaptation Anatomical adaptation Morphological Adaptation Most birds show the following important morphological flight adaptations: Body contour: Bird’s bodies are streamlined, and spindle-shaped to help overcome air […]
- [Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants](https://pcsstudies.com/sexual-reproduction-in-flowering-plants/): Reproduction in Angiosperms
- [List of Highest Mountain Peaks in Indian States](https://pcsstudies.com/list-of-highest-mountain-peaks-in-indian-states/): List of Highest Mountain Peaks in the Indian States Peak (Height wise) State Region/Range Kanchenjunga 8,586 m The third highest mountain in the world. Sikkim Sikkim is a state in north-eastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Province No. 1 of Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in the south. Eastern Himalaya The Eastern Himalayas extend from eastern Nepal across Northeast India, Bhutan, and the Tibet Autonomous Region to Yunnan in China and northern Myanmar Nanda Devi 7,817 m Nanda Devi is the second-highest mountain in India, […]
- [Grasslands in the World](https://pcsstudies.com/grasslands-in-the-world/): Grasslands in the World Grasslands are found in areas with not enough rainfall for the growth of a forest, but it is adequate to support the growth of grasses. The grasslands can be said as a connecting link between deserts and forests. Grassland can be defined as an area where vegetation is dominated by grasses. These are found on all continents except Antarctica. The grasslands are one of the largest biomes on earth. It supports a variety of species. For example, African Savana feeds animals including zebras, wildebeest, gazelles, and giraffes. Grasslands hold about 20 percent of global soil carbon […]
- [Important deserts of the world](https://pcsstudies.com/important-deserts-of-the-world/): Important deserts of the world what is desert? A Desert is a barren area of landscape where little participation occurs, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. A desert can be any large, extremely dry area of land that lacks vegetation, the area includes polar regions. Deserts are the driest places on Earth. these get less than 250 mm of rain in a year. It can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification, or by their geographical location. Important facts about the deserts for exams: Name […]
- [Books and Authors in Medieval India](https://pcsstudies.com/books-and-authors-in-medieval-india/): Books and Authors in Medieval India In medieval India, many books were written by different authors based on the cultural, social, and political systems. These books are very important to know about that era. List of Important Books and Authors in Medieval India: Name of Books Author Taj-ul-Massir (History of Delhi Sultanate. The book is written in the Persian language) Hasan Nizami Tabaqt-i-Nasiri (The book is written for Sultan Nasir-ud-din in the Persian language) Minhaj-i- Siraj Tarikh-i-Firoz shahi and Fatwah-i-Jahandari Ziauddin Barani (1285-1358, Political thinker during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah) Futuh-us-Salatin Abdul Malik Isami (A […]
- [Important Mountain Ranges of the World](https://pcsstudies.com/important-mountain-ranges-of-the-world/): Important Mountain Ranges of the World A list of some important mountain ranges of the world is given in the table below: Name Location Highest Point Cordillera de los Andes Western South America Aconcagua Rocky Mountain Range Western North America Mount Albert Himalayas- Karakoram -Hindukush South Central Asia Mount Everest Great dividing range Eastern Australia Kosyusko Trans Antarctica Mountain Antarctica Mount Vinson Massif Tian Shan South-Central Asia Altai mountains Central Asia Gora Belukha Ural Mountain range Central Russia Gora Narodnaya Kamchatka ranges Eastern Russia Kluchevskaya Sopka Atlas mountains Northwest Africa Jewel Toubkal Western Ghats Western India Anaimudi Sierra Madre Oriental […]
- [World Press Freedom Index 2022](https://pcsstudies.com/world-press-freedom-index-2022/): World Press Freedom Index 2022 Released Date : 3rd May 2022 Released By : Reporter Without Boarders (RSF) India Rank : 150th Out of 180 Countries and territories. Top rank : Norway World Press Freedom Index 2022, is the 20th edition has released by Reporters Without Boarders (RSF) on the World Press Freedom Day, that is 3rd may. India rank is 150th out of 180 countries and territories. As per report, India has slipped eight position back from last year rank 142nd.  About World Press Freedom Day : In 1991, The Windhoek Declaration for the development of a free Independent and […]
- [Name Changed in India](https://pcsstudies.com/name-changed-in-india/): Name Changed in India Name changed in Railways: 1. Old Name: Phaijabad Railway Junction (Situated in Uttar Pradesh) New Name: Ayodhaya Cantt This railway station is situated in Ayodhya District of the state Uttar Pradesh 2. Old Name: Jhanshi Railways station (Situated in Uttar Pradesh) New Name: Virangana Laxmibai railway station This railway station is situated in Jhansi District of the state Uttar Pradesh 3. Old Name: Manduadih railway station (Situated in Uttar Pradesh) New Name: Banaras railway station This railway station situated in Varanasi District of the  state Utter Pradesh 4. Old Name: Mugalsarai Railway Junction (Situated in Uttar […]
- [World military expenditure report 2022](https://pcsstudies.com/world-military-expenditure-report-2022/): World military expenditure report 2022 Who Released: SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) When Released: 25th – April – 2022 SIPRI released the report of The World Military Expenditure 2021  on 25th – April – 2022. As per the report, World Military Expenditure passes $2 Trillion US dollars for the first time in world history. Even in the Economic fall down due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Military Spending hit all-time high record levels. Total Global Military Expenditure in 2021 was 0.7 percent higher than in 2020 and it has reached the $2113 Billion US dollar mark.  As per the […]
- [List of important books and Authors in Ancient India](https://pcsstudies.com/list-of-important-books-and-authors-in-ancient-india/): List of important books and Authors in Ancient India Many texts are available that were written in our ancient past. Ancient history books are sources of knowledge and understanding of our history, culture, and social position of ours. We are providing here the list of important books and Authors in Ancient India. List of books and authors in Ancient India: Name of Book Name of Author Description Rig Veda   Attributed to many Rishis Hindu hymns about various gods, scientific revelations, and references to historic events. Written in language Sanskrit Yajur Veda Attributed to many Rishis Hindu sacrificial knowledge. Written […]
- [Sources of Ancient History of India](https://pcsstudies.com/sources-of-ancient-history-of-india/): Sources of Ancient History of India Material remains Coins Inscriptions Literary Sources Foreign Accounts Village study Natural sciences Historical Sense Constructing History Material remains of ancient history In India and many other countries, archaeology is used to study prehistory and ancient history. The remains of tools, plants, animals, and humans from the pre-ice age indicate the climatic conditions that prevailed at the time. (Archaeology- The science that enables us to systematically dig the successive layers of old mounds, and so form an idea of the material life of the people is called archaeology. They are related to sources of ancient […]
- [World Happiness Report 2022](https://pcsstudies.com/world-happiness-report-2022/): World Happiness Report 2022 World Happiness Report 2022 was released on 18th – March – 2022 Released By: Sustainable Development Solution Network (SDSN). A Global Initiative For the United Nations (UN). INDIA’s Rank: 136th Top Rank: Finland INDIA ranked 136th Position this year and it has improved little in rank from last year’s rank of 139th. The World Happiness Report 2022 marked its 10th Anniversary and included 146 countries for assessment of this year’s report. The report generally includes 150 countries for assessment. What is World Happiness Report? World Happiness Report is about giving more importance to happiness and well-being in […]
- [Characters of Archaeopteryx](https://pcsstudies.com/characters-of-archaeopteryx/): Characters of Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx was a primitive bird consisting of feathers. It is a genus of bird-like- dinosaurs. Archaeopteryx was accepted by paleontologists as the oldest known bird (member of group Avialae). Archaeopteryx is considered a transitional fossil between dinosaurs and modern birds. Its German name is “Urogel”. Scientific position of Archaeopteryx: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Order: Saurischia Suborder: Theropoda Clade: Avialae Family: Archaeopterygidae Genus: Archaeopteryx Phylogenetic position of Archaeopteryx: Modern paleontology has often classified Archaeopteryx as the most primitive bird. It is not thought to be a true ancestor of modern birds, but rather, a close relative […]
- [Soils: Formation, Classification](https://pcsstudies.com/soils-formation-classification/): Soils: Formation, Classification Soil is a mixture of rock debris and organic materials that develop on the surface of the Earth. Mineral particles, humus, water, and air are components of Soil. The soil on the surface of Earth has evolved over a thousand years. Soil consists of mineral particles, humus, water, and air. The amount of these components varies and depends on the type of soil. Factors affecting soil formation: The major factors affecting soil formation are: Relief Vegetation and other life forms (Organic materials) Parent material Time Climate Human activities also influence the formation of soil to a large […]
- [Climatic regions of India](https://pcsstudies.com/climatic-regions-of-india/): Climatic regions of India Climate: The average of weather conditions over a longer period of time is called climate. The climate of India is Monsoonal in rhythm and character. India with the rest of Southeast Asia has the Tropical Monsoon Climate as a large area of it lies in the tropical zone and is largely affected by the monsoon winds which emphasizes the unity of the region. Factors affecting the climate of India Factors related to location and relief latitude Factors related to air pressure and wind Factors related to location and relief latitude The angular distance of a location […]
- [The Peninsular Drainage System](https://pcsstudies.com/the-peninsular-drainage-system/): The Peninsular Drainage System The Peninsular drainage system is older than the Himalayan system. The system includes the Narmada, the Tapi, the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveri, and many other small rivers. The evolution of the Peninsular drainage system: In the past three major geological events occurred that shaped the present drainage system of Peninsular India: Subsidence of the Western flank of the Peninsula led to its submergence below the sea during the early tertiary period; 500 million years ago. This disturbed the symmetrical plan of the river on either side of the original watershed. The upheaval of […]
- [The Brahmaputra river system](https://pcsstudies.com/the-brahmaputra-river-system/): The Brahmaputra river system Origin of Brahmaputra: This river rises in the Chemayungdung glacier in the Kailash range near Mansarovar lake. It is a transboundary river that flows through Tibet, China, India, and Bangladesh. This river is also known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, Siang or Dihang in Arunachal Pradesh, and Dilao in Assam. The length of the river is 3848 km In India, it flows for 916 km The basin size of the Brahmaputra river is 651334 km². Brahmaputra river traverses Eastward longitudinally for a distance of 1200 km in the dry and flat region of Southern Tibet […]
- [The Ganga River System](https://pcsstudies.com/the-ganga-river-system/): The Ganga River system The Ganga River is a trans boundary river of Asia that flows through India and Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, it is known as the river Padma. The Ganga river system is the largest river system in India having an area of 8.6 lakh sq km consisting of perennial and non-perennial rivers which originate in the Himalayas in the North and the Indian Peninsula in the South. Origin of Ganga: River Ganga rises in the Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh (3900m) in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. At the place of origin, the river is known as Bhagirathi, after joining […]
- [The Indus (Sindhu) River System](https://pcsstudies.com/the-indus-sindhu-river-system/): The Indus (Sindhu) River System The Indus River: Origin The Indus is the Western most river system in the subcontinent. River Indus originates from a glacier at the height of 4,164 m near Bokhar Chu (31 ° 15′ N latitude and 81°40 ′E longitude) in the Kailash mountain range in the Tibetan region known as Singi Khamban or Lion’s Mouth. Indus River basin Indus River passes through Ladakh and Baltistan after flowing in the Northwest direction between Ladakh and Zanskar range. It forms a spectacular gorge near Gilgit in Jammu and Kashmir and enters Pakistan near Chilas in the Dardistan […]
- [Lipids- Definition, Function, and Categories](https://pcsstudies.com/lipids-definition-function-and-categories/): Lipids- Definition, Function, and Categories The term lipid was coined by Bloor in 1943. Lipids are Macro biomolecules, and are diverse groups of compounds including fats, oils, hormones, etc. that are insoluble in water due to their hydrophobic nature. The lipids are soluble in organic solvents including fatty acids, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Characteristic features of lipid The lipids show following characters: These are hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules The amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles, multilamellar or unilamellar liposomes, or membranes […]
- [Important discoveries in physics and names of physicists](https://pcsstudies.com/important-discoveries-in-physics-and-names-of-physicists/): Important discoveries in physics and names of physicists A list of Scientists and their discoveries are  given in the table: Name of Physicist Major discovery/ Contribution Country of Origin Archimedes Principle of buoyancy: The principle states that the upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces. Principle of the lever Greece Galileo Galilei Law of inertia Italy Christiaan Huygens Wave theory of light: According to Huygens, every point that a luminous disturbance meets turns into a source of the spherical wave itself. […]
- [Physiography of India](https://pcsstudies.com/physiography-of-india/): Physiography of India Physiography: The study of physical features, processes, and stages of development of an area comes under physiography. The main characteristic of Indian physiography is its vast, extensive, and great diversity in its physical features. Physiographic division of India India can be divided into the following six physiographic divisions: The Northern and North Eastern Mountains The Northern Plains The Peninsular Plateau The Indian Desert The coastal plains The Islands The Northern and Northeastern Mountains The northern and northeastern mountains consist of the Himalayas and North Eastern hills. A series of mountain ranges come under the Himalayas as such […]
- [Location and Geological Divisions of India](https://pcsstudies.com/location-and-geological-divisions-of-india/): Location and Geological Divisions of India The mainland of India extends from Jammu and Kashmir in the North to Kanyakumari in the South, Arunachal Pradesh in the East to Gujarat in the West. Its territorial stretch extends 12 nautical miles i.e. 12.9 km toward the sea from the coast. Location of India: India is located in Northern Hemisphere, between 8° 4 ′N to 37 °6 ′N latitude and, 68 °7′ E and 97°25 ′ longitude The southern boundary of India extends up to 6°45′ N latitude in the bay of Bengal. The actual distance from North to South is 3,214 […]
- [Landforms and their evolution](https://pcsstudies.com/landforms-and-their-evolution/): Landforms and their evolution Landforms are the natural process of the earth’s surface that includes mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains. Landforms consist of their own physical shape, size, and materials. These are the results of certain geomorphic processes and agents. Landforms may change their shape, size, and nature after their formation as a result of the continued action of geomorphic processes and agents. Evolution of Landforms: It implies stages of transformation of either a part of the earth’s surface from one landform into another or the transformation of individual landforms after their formation.  Landmass passes through stages of development as […]
- [Pigeon (Columba livia) - General Characters](https://pcsstudies.com/pigeon-columba-livia-general-characters/): Pigeon (Columba Livia) The common name of Columba Livia is a pigeon. The group of birds is mostly medium to large stout-bodied pigeons. The term Columba has been taken from the Latin word Columba means a dove. The bird belongs to class Aves. The systematic position of Columba Livia (Pigeon) Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata Subphylum – Vertebrata Superclass – Tetrapoda Class- Aves Subclass- Neornithes Superorder – Neognathae Order- Columbiform Family – Columbidae Species – Columba Livia General Characters of Columba Livia Habitat: Columba Livia is found worldwide, and lives near human habitation, on buildings, rock cuts, roofs, etc.  They are flying […]
- [Neoteny in Amphibians](https://pcsstudies.com/neoteny-in-amphibians/): Neoteny in Amphibians In some amphibians, the larva becomes sexually mature without metamorphoses or delayed metamorphoses. In some amphibians, the character of neoteny is shown as the failure or delay of the larva to metamorphose while becoming sexually mature. Neoteny emphasizes the retention of embryonic or larval features in the adult body. Examples of Neoteny: Axolotl larva of Ambystoma (tiger salamander): The tiger salamander goes through a gilled aquatic larval stage, then metamorphoses and transforms into adult air-breathing landforms. However, under certain circumstances, the larva does not go through metamorphoses, retain the gills and aquatic habitat but become sexually mature. […]
- [Parental Care in Amphibians](https://pcsstudies.com/parental-care-in-amphibians/): Parental Care in Amphibians Definition of Parental Care: Parental care can be defined as the activities that are directed by an animal towards the protection and maintenance of its own offspring or those of a near relative. Parental Care in Amphibians: In comparison to birds and mammals, little parental care is found in amphibians. Parental care may be defined as any behavior exhibited by a parent toward its offspring that Increases the offspring’s chances of survival. According to Trivers (1972), Parental care may be defined as any behavior exhibited by the parent toward their offspring that increases the chance of […]
- [Quit India Movement](https://pcsstudies.com/quit-india-movement/): Quit India Movement After the failure of the Cripps mission, a resolution was framed under Mahatma Gandhi for the withdrawal of British rule through a non–violent non-cooperation movement. On 14 July 1942, the Congress Working Committee met at Wardha and resolved the idea of struggle. On August 8, 1942, the Quit India Resolution was ratified at the Congress meeting at Gowalia Tank, Bombay. Gandhi Jee was authorized as the leader of the non–violent mass movement. This resolution is referred to as the ‘Quit India’ movement also known as August Kranti. (reference: knowindia.gov.in) Reasons for struggle: The Cripps mission failed, and […]
- [Cripps Mission - 1942](https://pcsstudies.com/cripps-mission-1942/): Cripps Mission – 1942 The British Government sent a mission headed by a cabinet minister, Sir Stafford Cripps, in March 1942 to seek Indian support for the 2nd World War. The name of Cripps Mission is on the name of Sir Stafford Crips. Sir Stafford Crips had earlier been a member of the Labour Party and the leader of the House of Commons and a member of the British War Cabinet. He was a strong supporter of the Indian National Movement. Reasons for the Crips Mission The Cripps Mission, headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with the purpose […]
- [August Offer (1940)](https://pcsstudies.com/august-offer-1940/): August Offer (1940) The August offer was announced by Viceroy Linlithgow on 8 August 1940 from Shimla,  in the hope of cooperation of Indians in Britain’s efforts in World war II. But the proposal was rejected by both Congress and the Muslim league. Background: The fall of Belgium, Holland, and France in world war II left Britain in immediate danger of Nazi occupation as the war has undertaken a new turn. The British government announced the participation of India in war without consulting Indian leaders, that was agitated the Indian leaders and they denied the cooperation of India in war. […]
- [General Characters of Uromastyx](https://pcsstudies.com/general-characters-of-uromastyx/): General Characters of Uromastyx Introduction: The Uromastyx is a genus of African and Asian agamid lizards. These are commonly called spiny-tailed lizards, uromastyces, mastigure, or dab lizards. Lizards of genus Uromastyx are primarily herbivorous, but occasionally they eat insects, especially young lizards. They are mostly found in hilly, rocky areas with good shelter and accessible vegetation. Scientific classification of Uromastyx: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamat Suborder: Iguania Family: Agamidae Subfamily: Uromasticinae Genus: Uromastyx Distribution of Uromastyx: Most of Northeast Africa, the Middle East, as Iran. Uromastyx occurs at an elevation from sea level to 900m (3,000 ft). […]
- [Important Lakes of the World](https://pcsstudies.com/important-lakes-of-the-world/): Important Lakes of the World: Lake is a body of water surrounded by land. Lakes are water bodies with slow-moving, or standing water that are occupied in an inland basin. Here we discuss some important lakes all over the world with their continent, basin countries, area, and maximum depth. List of important lakes of the world Many lakes are found all over the world that are important in their aspects; a list of important lakes in the world is given below: Caspian Sea: (An Oceanic lake- also called Mazandaran Sea, Hyrcania Sea, or Khazar Sea) The Caspian Sea is the […]
- [Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022](https://pcsstudies.com/climate-change-performance-index-ccpi-2022/): Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022: Released Date: 9th Nov 2021 CCPI is Released by: Germanwatch, Climate Action Network (CAN), New Climate Institute. INDIA Rank: 10th (India has retained its previous year’s ranking and ranked 10th in CCPI 2022 report. Top Rank: Denmark (4th rank). As per the report, the top three ranks are empty, and non of the country has performed well in all CPPI aspects. INDIA  has retained its previous year’s position and ranked 10th in CCPI 2022 report for 3rd time in a row. As per Paris agreement on Climate Change  “ The Climate Crisis is an […]
- [Major rivers of the world](https://pcsstudies.com/major-rivers-of-the-world/): Major rivers of the world Major rivers of the world, their sources and countries in the drainage system, and the destination in which they empty are favorite topics of exams like UPSC, State PCS, and others exams. In the given table the list of major rivers of the world is provided: Name of river Source, and Countries in the drainage system Empty in Nile river (The longest river in the world) Lake Tana (Blue Nile), and Lake Victoria (White Nile) The main countries in the drainage basin are Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Egypt Mediterranean Sea Amazon River (Maximum drainage) Andes Mountains […]
- [The Governor- Indian polity](https://pcsstudies.com/the-governor-indian-polity/): The Governor- Indian polity -(Article 153-162) Introduction: The Governor is the chief executive head of the state; he acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief ministers of the states. The role of the Governor is similar to the president as he is the constitutional head, the governors perform the same duties as that of a President, for the state. The Governor acts as an agent of the central government, so the office of the governor has a dual role. He functions as a link between the Union government and the State government. Provision for […]
- [Samudrayan Mission](https://pcsstudies.com/samudrayan-mission/): Samudrayan Mission: Launched by: Jitendra Singh (Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Earth Sciences Launched Date: 29th October 2021 INDIA has launched its 1st manned Ocean Mission called “ Samudrayan” for deep dive to explore Ocean Resources under the Deep Ocean Mission undertaken by NIOT (National Institute of Ocean Technology) In Chennai Tamil Nadu. With this Unique Technology INDIA has joined the elite club of countries such as the USA, RUSSIA, JAPAN, FRANCE, and CHINA  having such underwater vehicles for exploration under the deep ocean. Central Government has approved the total budget of  Rs. 4077 Crore to spend under Deep […]
- [Rivers of India and their main Tributaries](https://pcsstudies.com/rivers-of-india-and-their-main-tributaries/): Rivers of India and their main Tributaries Rivers on the basis of the direction of discharge The major rivers of India can be divided on the basis of the direction of flowing or discharge of water: Discharges into the Arabian Sea: Narmada, Tapi, Sindhu, Sabarmati, Mahi, Purna Discharges into the Bay of Bengal: Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Ganga (and tributaries), Meghna, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna (and tributaries), and Kaveri. Rivers on the Basis of Sources On the basis of sources, the Indian rivers can be classified as Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers. Himalayan Rivers system: The Himalayan Rivers are formed by melting snow […]
- [Petromyzon (Lamprey): General Characters](https://pcsstudies.com/petromyzon-lamprey-general-characters/): Petromyzon (Lamprey): General Characters Introduction: Lampreys are Anadromous or freshwater, Eel-shaped jawless fishes. They can be readily recognized by the large, rounded sucker which surrounds their mouth and by the single nostril on the top of their head. Systemic position of Petromyzon: Phylum: Chordata Sub Phylum: Vertebrata Group: Agnatha Class: Cyclostomata Order: Petromyzontiformes Family: Petromyzontdae Type: Petromyzon (Lamprey) Habit and habitats of Petromyzon It has been known for a long time that the sea lamprey breeds in freshwater. However, it does not enter all the streams within its range indiscriminately. As an illustration, we may cite outer Nova Scotia and […]

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