Social Science Archives

Suez Canal

July 1, 2023November 28, 2023 pcsclasses

Suez Canal The Suez Canal is one of the most important waterways. It is located at the crossroads of Asia, Europe, and Africa. The Canal is owned and operated by Egypt and the main part of that country is separated by it on the west bank from the Sinai Peninsula on the east bank. Suez Canal opened in 1869, the Sea level artificial waterway crosses the narrow Isthumus of Suez, joining Africa, and Asia. It is connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the isthmus of Suez. The…

Indian Councils Act of 1909

June 3, 2023July 13, 2023 pcsclasses

Indian Councils Act of 1909 Indian Councils Act of 1909 is also known as Morley-Minto Reforms. It was named after Lord Morley, the then secretary of state for India, and Lord Minto, the then viceroy of India. The Morley-Minto Reforms were announced only to placate the moderate nationalists. It was a part of the policy of dividing Hindus and Muslims and thus maintaining British supremacy in India. The Indian Councils Act of 1909 checked the progress of India’s unification which had been a continuous historical process. Features of the Indian…

Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate:

April 1, 2023December 28, 2023 pcsclasses

Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate: The empirical climate classification scheme was developed by Koeppen in 1918. Koeppen’s scheme is the most widely used classification of climate. Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of vegetation and climate. Koeppen selected certain values of temperature and precipitation and related them to the distribution of vegetation and used these values for classifying the climates. Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate/this empirical classification is based on mean annual and mean monthly temperature and precipitation data. Koeppen introduced the use of capital and small…

The Origin and Evolution of Earth

March 24, 2023December 21, 2023 pcsclasses

The Origin and Evolution of Earth When the solar system settled into its current layout about 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the Sun. Earth has a central core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust. (definition from NASA) The Earth is our home planet the third planet from the Sun, and the only planet we of so far that’s inhabited by living. The origin of the earth was a mystery for several years. Many scholars…

Solar Radiation, Heat Balance, and Temperature

January 14, 2023October 5, 2023 pcsclasses

Spatial distribution of insolation at the surface of earth

Solar Radiation, Heat Balance, and Temperature Solar Radiation Our earth receives almost all its energy from the sun in short wavelengths that are radiated back to space by the earth. As a result, the earth neither warms up nor does it get cooled over a period of time. The amount of heat received by different parts of the earth is not equal, so there are pressure differences in the atmosphere, which leads to the transfer of heat from one region to another by the wind. As the Earth is a geoid…

The Age of Satavahanas

January 5, 2023May 15, 2023 pcsclasses

The Age of Satavahanas The Age of Satavahanas: According to most modern scholars the age of the Satavahana began in the late second century BCE and lasted until the early third century CE. In the Deccan and in central India, the Satavahanas succeeded the Mauryas although after a gap of 100 years. They were considered to be identical to the Andhras who were mentioned in Puranas, however, the name Andhra does not occur in Satavahana inscriptions. Founder of the Kingdom: The founder of the Satvahana dynasty was Simuka, who was…

Post-Mauryan India and Central Asian Contacts

January 3, 2023August 10, 2023 pcsclasses

Post-Mauryan India and Central Asian Contacts Post-Mauryan India – time period (200 B.C. to 300 AD) The successors of Asoka were not able to keep the vast Empire intact, after the death of Asoka. The provinces started declaring themselves independent. Kalinga declared itself independent, and further Satavahanas established their independent rule in the south. The foreign invasion also affected the territory of north India. As a result of these conflicts, the Mauryan rule was confined to the Gangetic valley and it was soon replaced by the Sunga dynasty. Sunga Dynasty:…

The Mauryan Empire

December 17, 2022March 9, 2023 pcsclasses

The Mauryan Empire With the foundation of the Mauryan Empire, political unity was achieved in India for the first time. Due to the accuracy of chronology and sources, the history writing of this era also becomes clear. The Mauryan dynasty was founded by Chandragupta Maurya who took advantage of the Nandas in the last days of their rule. He overthrew the Nandas with the help of Kautilya and established the rule of the Maurya dynasty. Sources of the Mauryan Empire Literary Sources: Kautilya’s Arthasatra: Kautilya has written the book Arthasatra…

Persian and Greek Invasions in India

December 8, 2022 pcsclasses

Persian and Greek Invasions in India During the first half of the sixth century B.C. several small principalities such as Kamboja, Gandhara, and Madras fought one another. The North–West area did not have a powerful kingdom, and it was wealthy and could be easily entered through passes in the Hindukush. The Achaemenian rulers of Iran expanded their empire at the same time as the Magadhan princes and took advantage of this political disunity on the northwest frontier. The Iranian ruler Darius penetrated northwest India in 516 BC and annexed the…