Cloud Seeding

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cloud seeding

Cloud Seeding Vincent Schaefer an American chemist and meteorologist discovered the principle of cloud seeding in 1946. It is a type of weather modification technique that improves the ability of clouds to produce rain or snow by introducing tiny ice nuclei into certain types of subfreezing clouds. These nuclei provide a base for snowflakes to form. The newly formed snowflakes quickly grow and fall from the clouds back to the surface of the earth, increasing snowpack and streamflow. In cloud seeding, the spreading of either dry ice or silver iodide…

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Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate:

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Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate

Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate: The empirical climate classification scheme was developed by Koeppen in 1918. Koeppen’s scheme is the most widely used classification of climate. Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of vegetation and climate. Koeppen selected certain values of temperature and precipitation and related them to the distribution of vegetation and used these values for classifying the climates. Koeppens’s Scheme of Classification of Climate/this empirical classification is based on mean annual and mean monthly temperature and precipitation data. Koeppen introduced the use of capital and small…

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The Origin and Evolution of Earth

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The Origin and Evolution of Earth: Formation of planets

The Origin and Evolution of Earth When the solar system settled into its current layout about 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the Sun. Earth has a central core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust. (definition from NASA) The Earth is our home planet the third planet from the Sun, and the only planet we of so far that’s inhabited by living. The origin of the earth was a mystery for several years. Many scholars…

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World Happiness Report 2023

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World Happiness Report 2023

World Happiness Report 2023 The World Happiness Report is released annually around March 20th as part of the International Day of Happiness celebration. Top Ranked Country: The European Nation Finland is the world’s happiest country for the sixth year in a row, according to World Happiness Report ranking based largely on the life evaluations from the Gallup World Poll. Position of India: In the World Happiness Report 2023 the position of India has improved from 136th to 126th rank. The list rank holder: Afghanistan is listed on the bottom with…

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Carbon Sink

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Carbon Sink

Carbon Sink Carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that absorbs and stores Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Why in the news? India has committed in its NDC – to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030. The functions of Carbon sink: Carbon sink absorbs and stores CO2 from the atmosphere. Carbon sink help to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and migrate the negative effects of climate change. Creating new carbon…

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World Wildlife Day

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World Wildlife Day

World Wildlife Day World Wildlife Day is celebrated on 3rd March. It is a United Nations international day to celebrate all the world’s wild animals and plants and the contributions that they make to our lives and the health of the planet. The theme of World Wildlife Day 2023 The theme of World Wildlife Day for the year 2023 is “Partnerships for Wildlife Conservation…” World Wildlife Day is also a celebration of CITES as it turns 50. So March 2023 is a very special date as it is also marking…

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Solar Radiation, Heat Balance, and Temperature

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Spatial distribution of insolation at the surface of earth

Solar Radiation, Heat Balance, and Temperature Solar Radiation Our earth receives almost all its energy from the sun in short wavelengths that are radiated back to space by the earth. As a result, the earth neither warms up nor does it get cooled over a period of time. The amount of heat received by different parts of the earth is not equal, so there are pressure differences in the atmosphere, which leads to the transfer of heat from one region to another by the wind. As the Earth is a geoid…

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The Age of Satavahanas

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The age of Satavahanas

The Age of Satavahanas The Age of Satavahanas: According to most modern scholars the age of the Satavahana began in the late second century BCE and lasted until the early third century CE. In the Deccan and in central India, the Satavahanas succeeded the Mauryas although after a gap of 100 years. They were considered to be identical to the Andhras who were mentioned in Puranas, however, the name Andhra does not occur in Satavahana inscriptions. Founder of the Kingdom: The founder of the Satvahana dynasty was Simuka, who was…

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Post-Mauryan India and Central Asian Contacts

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Post-Mauryan India

Post-Mauryan India and Central Asian Contacts Post-Mauryan India – time period (200 B.C. to 300 AD) The successors of Asoka were not able to keep the vast Empire intact, after the death of Asoka. The provinces started declaring themselves independent. Kalinga declared itself independent, and further Satavahanas established their independent rule in the south. The foreign invasion also affected the territory of north India. As a result of these conflicts, the Mauryan rule was confined to the Gangetic valley and it was soon replaced by the Sunga dynasty. Sunga Dynasty:…

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The Mauryan Empire

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The Mauryan Empire - Mind map of Mauryan Empire

The Mauryan Empire With the foundation of the Mauryan Empire, political unity was achieved in India for the first time. Due to the accuracy of chronology and sources, the history writing of this era also becomes clear. The Mauryan dynasty was founded by Chandragupta Maurya who took advantage of the Nandas in the last days of their rule. He overthrew the Nandas with the help of Kautilya and established the rule of the Maurya dynasty. Sources of the Mauryan Empire Literary Sources: Kautilya’s Arthasatra: Kautilya has written the book Arthasatra…

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